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第五章:系統服務-創新互聯

第五章:系統服務

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1.服務目錄

在之前的Redhat Linux5.x&6.x的系統中,我們知道,系統的服務都是存放在/etc/init.d這個目錄中的,但是在RHEL7.x的系統中,已經發生了改變,如下:

------------------------------------------查看RHEL7之前的系統服務路徑------------------------------

[root@ freeit ~]# cd /etc/init.d/

[root@ freeit init.d]# ls

abrt-ccpp        iscsi          restorecond

abrtd            iscsid         rhnsd

abrt-oops        kdump          rhsmcertd

acpid            killall        rngd

atd              libvirt-guests rpcbind

auditd           lldpad         rpcgssd

autofs           lvm2-lvmetad   rpcidmapd

blk-availability lvm2-monitor   rpcsvcgssd

bluetooth        mdmonitor      rsyslog

certmonger       messagebus     sandbox

cgconfig         multipathd     saslauthd

cgred            mysqld         single

cpuspeed         named          smartd

crond            netconsole     snmpd

cups             netfs          snmptrapd

dhcpd            network        spice-vdagentd

dhcpd6           NetworkManager sshd

dhcrelay         nfs            sssd

dnsmasq          nfslock        sysstat

fcoe             ntpd           udev-post

firstboot        ntpdate        vmware-tools

functions        oddjobd        vmware-tools-thinprint

haldaemon        openct         vncserver

halt             pcscd          wdaemon

htcacheclean     portreserve    winbind

httpd            postfix        wpa_supplicant

ip6tables        psacct         xinetd

iptables         quota_nld      ypbind

irqbalance       rdisc

-----------------------------------------查看RHEL7的/etc/init.d/目錄----------------------------------

[root@ freeit tmp]# cd /etc/init.d/

[root@ freeit init.d]# ls

functions  iprinit   netconsole README

iprdump    iprupdate network    rhnsd

//如上,此目錄不再是系統服務的所在路徑,所以,重啟服務也不能使用/etc/init.d servername  restart來啟動

2.服務下次啟動狀態

在RHEL7.x之前的系統中,使用命令chkconfig –list即可查看所有服務的下次啟動狀態,但是在RHEL7中,此命令已不可用

[root@ freeit ~]# chkconfig --list

Note: This output shows SysV services  only and does not include native

      systemd services. SysV configuration data might be overridden by  native

      systemd configuration.

      If you want to list systemd services use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.

      To see services enabled on particular target use

      'systemctl list-dependencies [target]'.

iprdump        0:off  1:off   2:on   3:on   4:on    5:on   6:off

iprinit        0:off  1:off   2:on   3:on   4:on    5:on   6:off

iprupdate      0:off   1:off  2:on   3:on    4:on   5:on   6:off

netconsole     0:off   1:off  2:off  3:off   4:off  5:off  6:off

network        0:off  1:off   2:on   3:on   4:on    5:on   6:off

rhnsd          0:off  1:off   2:on   3:on   4:on    5:on   6:off

//此命令列出的只是一些基本的服務。要想查看所有的,根據提示命令查看(加粗字體)

---------------------------------------------systemctl list-unit-files---------------------------------------------

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl  list-unit-files

UNIT FILE                                  STATE

proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount          static

dev-hugepages.mount                        static

dev-mqueue.mount                           static

proc-fs-nfsd.mount                         static

proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount              static

sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount              static

sys-kernel-config.mount                    static

sys-kernel-debug.mount                     static

tmp.mount                                  disabled

var-lib-nfs-rpc_pipefs.mount               static

brandbot.path                              disabled

cups.path                                  enabled

systemd-ask-password-console.path          static

systemd-ask-password-plymouth.path         static

………………………..

3.系統運行級別

RHEL7中,系統的運行級別已沒有0-6之說。運行級別的inittab文件也不再包含0-6級別的說明。如下:

[root@ freeit ~]# vim /etc/inittab

# inittab is no longer used when using  systemd.

#

# ADDING CONFIGURATION HERE WILL HAVE NO  EFFECT ON YOUR SYSTEM.

#

# Ctrl-Alt-Delete is handled by  /etc/systemd/system/ctrl-alt-del.targe

t

#

# systemd uses 'targets' instead of  runlevels. By default, there are t

wo main targets:

#

#  multi-user.target: analogous to runlevel 3

//相當于運行級別3,命令行界面

#  graphical.target: analogous to runlevel 5

//相當于運行級別5,圖形化界面

#

# To set a default target, run:

#

# ln -sf /lib/systemd/system/<target  name>.target /etc/systemd/system/

default.target

#

查看系統缺省運行級別

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl get-default

graphical.target

//默認運行級別為圖形化界面

設置默認運行級別

[root@ freeit ~]#systemctl set-default  multi-user.target

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl get-default

multi-user.target

查看設置的運行級別的服務狀態(下次啟動狀態)

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl  list-unit-files |grep multi-user

multi-user.target                          enabled

4.服務下次啟動狀態

我們知道,服務啟動之后,要想下次重啟生效,RHEL7之前,要使用命令chkconfig servername on,但是在RHEL7中,已不能使用此命令。那么要如何設置,看下面的例子:

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl restart  postfix.service

//啟動郵件服務

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl status  postfix.service

//查看郵件服務的運行狀態

postfix.service - Postfix Mail Transport  Agent

   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postfix.service; enabled)

//下次啟動為開啟

   Active: active (running) since Mon 2015-05-04 11:03:42 CST; 14s  ago

//當前正在運行

  Process: 4611 ExecStop=/usr/sbin/postfix stop (code=exited,  status=0/SUCCESS)

  Process: 4626 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/postfix  start (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)

  Process: 4623 ExecStartPre=/usr/libexec/postfix/chroot-update  (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)

  Process: 4621 ExecStartPre=/usr/libexec/postfix/aliasesdb  (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)

 Main PID: 4698 (master)

   CGroup: /system.slice/postfix.service

           ├─4698 /usr/libexec/postfix/master –w

           ├─4699 pickup -l -t unix -u

           └─4700 qmgr -l -t unix -u

May 04 11:03:42 localhost.localdomain  systemd[1]: Starting Postfix Ma...

May 04 11:03:42 localhost.localdomain  postfix/master[4698]: daemon st...

May 04 11:03:42 localhost.localdomain  systemd[1]: Started Postfix Mai...

Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l  to show in full.

------------------------------------------------關閉下次開機啟動-------------------------------------------

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl disable  postfix.service

rm  '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/postfix.service'

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl status  postfix.service

postfix.service - Postfix Mail Transport  Agent

   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postfix.service; disabled)

   Active: active (running) since Mon  2015-05-04 11:03:42 CST; 4min 30s ago

 Main PID: 4698 (master)

   CGroup: /system.slice/postfix.service

           ├─4698 /usr/libexec/postfix/master -w

           ├─4699 pickup -l -t unix -u

           └─4700 qmgr -l -t unix -u

May 04 11:03:42 localhost.localdomain  systemd[1]: Starting Postfix Ma...

May 04 11:03:42 localhost.localdomain  postfix/master[4698]: daemon st...

May 04 11:03:42 localhost.localdomain  systemd[1]: Started Postfix Mai...

Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l  to show in full.

//下次重啟生效功能關閉之后,重啟系統,郵件服務即為關閉狀態

關閉之后重啟驗證

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl status  postfix.service

postfix.service - Postfix Mail Transport  Agent

   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postfix.service; disabled)

   Active: inactive (dead)

//沒有啟動

重新啟動郵件服務,并設置下次開機啟動

 [root@ freeit ~]# systemctl restart postfix

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl enable  postfix.service

ln -s '/usr/lib/systemd/system/postfix.service'  '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/postfix.service'

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl status  postfix.service

postfix.service - Postfix Mail Transport  Agent

   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postfix.service; enabled)

   Active: active (running) since Mon 2015-05-04 11:12:14 CST; 35s  ago

 Main PID: 2994 (master)

   CGroup: /system.slice/postfix.service

           ├─2994 /usr/libexec/postfix/master -w

           ├─2995 pickup -l -t unix -u

           └─2996 qmgr -l -t unix -u

May 04 11:12:14 localhost.localdomain  systemd[1]: Starting Postfix Ma...

May 04 11:12:14 localhost.localdomain  postfix/master[2994]: daemon st...

May 04 11:12:14 localhost.localdomain  systemd[1]: Started Postfix Mai...

Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l  to show in full.

5.服務狀態相關命令

  • 查看當前啟動狀態

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl is-active  postfix.service

Active

//當前正在運行

  • 關閉當前運行狀態,再次查看

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl stop  postfix.service

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl is-active  postfix.service

inactive

  • 查看下次開機啟動狀態

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl is-enabled  postfix.service

enabled

//下次開機為啟動

  • 關閉下次開機啟動,并再次查看

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl disable  postfix.service

rm '/etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/postfix.service'

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl is-enabled  postfix.service

disabled

6.鎖定服務(mask)

例1:對postfix服務執行mask操作,然后執行重啟操作

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl mask postfix

ln -s '/dev/null' '/etc/systemd/system/postfix.service'

[root@localhost ~]# systemctl restart  postfix

Failed to issue method call: Unit  postfix.service is masked.

//重啟服務失敗

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl status  postfix

postfix.service

   Loaded: masked (/dev/null)

   Active: inactive (dead)

May 04 11:12:14 localhost.localdomain  systemd[1]: Starting Postfix Ma...

May 04 11:12:14 localhost.localdomain  postfix/master[2994]: daemon st...

May 04 11:12:14 localhost.localdomain  systemd[1]: Started Postfix Mai...

May 04 11:18:39 localhost.localdomain  systemd[1]: Stopping Postfix Ma...

May 04 11:18:39 localhost.localdomain  systemd[1]: Stopped Postfix Mai...

Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l  to show in full.

例2:解鎖服務并再次重啟

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl unmask  postfix

//解鎖

rm '/etc/systemd/system/postfix.service'

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl restart  postfix

//重啟成功

[root@ freeit ~]# systemctl status  postfix

postfix.service - Postfix Mail Transport  Agent

   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/postfix.service; disabled)

   Active: active (running)since Mon 2015-05-04 11:29:36 CST; 3s  ago

  Process: 3529 ExecStart=/usr/sbin/postfix start (code=exited,  status=0/SUCCESS)

  Process: 3527 ExecStartPre=/usr/libexec/postfix/chroot-update  (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)

  Process: 3524 ExecStartPre=/usr/libexec/postfix/aliasesdb  (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)

 Main PID: 3601 (master)

   CGroup: /system.slice/postfix.service

           ├─3601 /usr/libexec/postfix/master -w

           ├─3602 pickup -l -t unix -u

           └─3603 qmgr -l -t unix -u

May 04 11:29:36 localhost.localdomain  postfix/master[3601]: daemon st...

May 04 11:29:36 localhost.localdomain  systemd[1]: Started Postfix Mai...

Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l  to show in full.

7.系統進程

7.1.實時查看系統進程

top  - 11:34:23 up 25 min, 1 user, load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05

Tasks:  297 total,  4 running, 293  sleeping,  0 stopped,  0 zombie

%Cpu(s): 0.0 us,  0.0 sy, 0.0 ni, 99.7 id, 0.0 wa,  0.0 hi, 0.3 si, 0.0 st

KiB  Mem:  1010788 total,  306908 used,  703880 free,    1080 buffers

KiB  Swap: 2097148 total,       0 used, 2097148 free.  110788 cached Mem

 PID USER     PR  NI   VIRT   RES    SHR S %CPU %MEM    TIME+  COMMAND

 3651 root     20   0 123788  1772   1148 R 0.3  0.2   0:00.03 top

    1 root     20  0   53948  7808  2548 S  0.0 0.8  0:05.08 systemd

    2 root     20  0       0     0     0 S  0.0 0.0  0:00.00 kthreadd

    3 root     20  0       0     0      0 R 0.0 0.0   0:00.04 ksoftirqd/0

    5 root      0 -20      0      0     0 S 0.0  0.0  0:00.00 kworker/0:0H

    7 root     rt  0       0     0     0 S  0.0 0.0  0:00.00 migration/0

8 root     20   0      0     0      0 S 0.0 0.0   0:00.00 rcu_bh

…………………..

--------------------------------------------更詳細查看,按1-------------------------------------------------

 top - 11:35:00 up 25 min, 1 user,  load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05

Tasks: 297 total,  2 running, 295 sleeping,  0 stopped,  0 zombie

%Cpu0 :  0.7 us, 0.7 sy, 0.0 ni, 98.7 id, 0.0 wa,  0.0 hi, 0.0 si, 0.0 st

KiB Mem:   1010788 total,  307172  used,  703616 free,    1080 buffers

KiB Swap:  2097148 total,       0  used, 2097148 free.  110788 cached Mem

  PID USER     PR NI    VIRT   RES   SHR S %CPU %MEM    TIME+ COMMAND

  879 root     20  0  193424  4168  3344 S  1.0 0.4  0:02.80 vmtoolsd

 3651 root     20   0 123788  1772   1148 R 0.7 0.2   0:00.20 top

    1 root     20  0   53948  7808  2548 S  0.0 0.8  0:05.08 systemd

    2 root     20  0       0     0     0 S  0.0 0.0  0:00.00 kthreadd

    3 root     20  0       0     0     0 S  0.0 0.0  0:00.04 ksoftirqd/0

    5 root      0 -20      0      0     0 S 0.0  0.0  0:00.00 kworker/0:0H

    7 root     rt  0       0     0     0  S 0.0  0.0  0:00.00 migration/0

    8 root     20  0       0     0     0 S  0.0 0.0  0:00.00 rcu_bh

按q鍵退出進程

  • 前5行說明:

前5行是系統整體的統計信息

  • 第一行是任務隊列信息,同uptime(查看服務器啟動時間)命令的執行結果。內容如下:

  • 11:34:23:當前時間;

  • up 1:13:系統運行時間,格式為時:分;

  • 1 user:當前登錄用戶數;

  • load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05:系統負載,即任務隊列的平均長度。三個數值分別為1分鐘、5分鐘、15分鐘前到現在的平均值。

  • 第二、三行為進程和CPU的信息。當有多個CPU時,這些內容可能會超過兩行,內容如下:

  • Tasks: 297 total:進程總數;

  • 4 running:正在運行的進程數;

  • 293 sleeping:睡眠的進程數;

  • 0 stopped:停止進程數;

  • 0 zombie:僵尸進程;

  • %Cpu(s): 0.0 us:用戶空間占用CPU百分比;

  • 0.0 sy:內核空間占用CPU百分比;

  • 0.0 ni:用戶進程空間內改變過優先級的進程占用CPU百分比;

  • 99.7 id:id空閑CPU百分比;

  • 0.0 wa:wa等待輸入輸出的CPU時間百分比

  • 0.0 hi 0.3 si, 0.0 st

  • 最后兩行為內存信息。內容如下:

  • KiB Mem:  1010788 total:物理內存總量

  • 306908 used:使用的物理內存總量;

  • 703880 free:空閑的物理內存總量;

  • 1080 buffers:用作內核緩存的物理內存量;

  • KiB Swap: 2097148 total:交換區總量;

  • 0 used:使用的交換分區總量;

  • 2097148 free:空閑的交換區總量;

  • 110788 cached Mem:緩沖的交換區總量。

  • 進程區信息說明:

  • PID:進程ID;

  • USER:進程所有者;

  • PR:進程優先級;

  • NI:nice值。負值表示高優先級;正值表示低優先級;

  • VIRT:進程使用的虛擬內存總量,單位Kb,VITR=SWAP+RES

  • RES:進程使用的、未被交換出的物理內存大小,單位KB,RES=CODE+DATA

  • SHR:共享內存大小,單位Kb;

  • S:進程狀態;

  • %CPU:上次更新到現在的CPU時間戰用百分比;

  • %MEM:進程使用的物理內存百分比;

  • TIME+:進程使用的CPU時間總計,單位1/100秒;

  • COMMAND:命令名/命令行

7.2.靜態查看當前進程狀態

[root@ freeit ~]# ps aux

USER       PID %CPU %MEM   VSZ  RSS TTY     STAT START  TIME COMMAND

root        1  0.3 0.7 53948  7808 ?       Ss  11:09   0:05 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --s

root        2  0.0 0.0     0     0 ?       S   11:09   0:00 [kthreadd]

root        3  0.0 0.0     0     0 ?       S   11:09   0:00 [ksoftirqd/0]

root        5  0.0 0.0     0     0 ?       S<  11:09   0:00 [kworker/0:0H]

root        7  0.0 0.0     0     0 ?       S   11:09   0:00 [migration/0]

root        8  0.0 0.0     0     0 ?       S   11:09   0:00 [rcu_bh]

root        9  0.0 0.0     0     0 ?       S   11:09   0:00 [rcuob/0]

root       10  0.0 0.0     0     0 ?       S   11:09   0:00 [rcuob/1]

root       11  0.0 0.0     0     0 ?       S   11:09   0:00 [rcuob/2]

root       12  0.0 0.0     0     0 ?       S   11:09   0:00 [rcuob/3]

………………………….

常用參數:

     -a:包含所有終端的進程

     -u:顯示進程的擁有者

     -x:顯示不屬于任何終端的進程

     -f:顯示進程的父子關系

7.3.查看進程樹

[root@ freeit ~]# pstree

systemd─┬─ModemManager───2*[{ModemManager}]

        ├─NetworkManager───2*[{NetworkManager}]

        ├─2*[abrt-watch-log]

        ├─abrtd

        ├─agetty

        ├─alsactl

        ├─atd

        ├─auditd─┬─audispd─┬─sedispatch

        │       │        └─{audispd}

        │       └─{auditd}

        ├─avahi-daemon───avahi-daemon

        ├─bluetoothd

        ├─chronyd

        ├─crond

        ├─dbus-daemon───{dbus-daemon}

        ├─firewalld───{firewalld}

        ├─iprdump

        ├─iprinit

        ├─iprupdate

        ├─ksmtuned───sleep

        ├─libvirtd───10*[{libvirtd}]

        ├─lsmd

        ├─lvmetad

        ├─master─┬─pickup

        │       └─qmgr

        ├─packagekitd───2*[{packagekitd}]

        ├─polkitd───5*[{polkitd}]

        ├─rhsmcertd

        ├─rngd

        ├─rpc.statd

        ├─rpcbind

        ├─rsyslogd───2*[{rsyslogd}]

        ├─smartd

        ├─sshd───sshd───bash───pstree

        ├─systemd-journal

        ├─systemd-logind

        ├─systemd-udevd

        ├─tuned───4*[{tuned}]

        └─vmtoolsd

8.前臺后臺(fg&bg)

例:把/usr復制到/tmp下,由于復制時間長,調用到后臺復制。然后再調用到前臺。期間再暫停,調用到后臺,最后kill掉此進程

[root@ freeit ~]# cp -r /usr /tmp/ &

[1] 3991

//開始復制,&為后臺執行

[root@ freeit ~]# jobs

[1]+  Running                cp -i -r  /usr /tmp/ &

//查看后臺執行的操作

[root@ freeit ~]# fg 1

cp -i -r /usr /tmp/

//調用到前臺執行進程

^Z

[1]+  Stopped                cp -i -r  /usr /tmp

//按ctrl+z停止進程

[root@ freeit ~]# bg 1

[1]+ cp -i -r /usr /tmp/ &

//繼續調用到后臺執行

[root@ freeit ~]# jobs

[1]+  Running                cp -i -r  /usr /tmp/ &

 [root@ freeit ~]# kill %1

//結束此進程

[root@ freeit ~]# jobs

[1]+  Terminated             cp -i -r  /usr /tmp/

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